13 de July de 2022
É sabido que a transferência da herança ocorre quando do momento da morte e, por conseguinte, tem-se a abertura da sucessão (se quiser saber mais sobre o momento da abertura da sucessão, clique aqui).
A transferência é automática e não depende de qualquer manifestação do beneficiário.
Uma observação: existe na doutrina especializada um debate sobre a diferença de transmissão automática da herança e a aceitação da herança. Ou seja, tem-se doutrinadores que interpretam o art. 1.804 do Código Civil e afirmam que existe a ‘possibilidade’ de os herdeiros aceitarem ou não a herança.
Noutro ponto da doutrina, tem-se que a transmissão é imediata e automática da herança aos herdeiros quando da morte do titular dos bens e que, por isso, não é necessário que os herdeiros se manifestem pela aceitação ou não da herança, uma vez que a transmissão da herança é automática.
Sem o intuito de se aprofundar na discussão acima, compartilho da ideia de que não é necessária a manifestação de aceitação da herança, considerando que o mandamento legal é claro ao dizer que a transmissão ocorre desde logo, isto é, imediata, aos herdeiros. Reforçando tal lógica, o herdeiro tem direito a renunciar à herança, que deve ser manifestada e tem efeito retroativo e o excluí da ordem de vocação hereditária. Portanto, não havendo a expressa renúncia à herança, por óbvio houve à aceitação dela.
Todavia, deixa para uma outra oportunidade tal discussão. O objetivo é mostrar as hipóteses de exclusão de herdeiros na herança.
A primeira hipótese é o do art. 1.814, do Código Civil que diz:
Art. 1.814. São excluídos da sucessão os herdeiros ou legatários:
I – que houverem sido autores, co-autores ou partícipes de homicídio doloso, ou tentativa deste, contra a pessoa de cuja sucessão se tratar, seu cônjuge, companheiro, ascendente ou descendente;
II – que houverem acusado caluniosamente em juízo o autor da herança ou incorrerem em crime contra a sua honra, ou de seu cônjuge ou companheiro;
III – que, por violência ou meios fraudulentos, inibirem ou obstarem o autor da herança de dispor livremente de seus bens por ato de última vontade.
São casos de INDIGNIDADE dos herdeiros ou legatários.
É possível concluirmos que trata-se de uma pena civil, considerando que, declarando indignos os herdeiros ou legatários às condutas descritas nos incisos do art. 1.814 do Código Civil, serão excluídos da sucessão/herança.
Logo é rol taxativo, uma vez que restringe direito e, por consequência, não admitem interpretação extensiva.
Desta forma, eventual prática das condutas descritas nos incisos do art. 1.814 do Código Civil não traz de imediato a certeza da indignidade, uma vez que a exclusão será declarada por sentença, nos termos do art. 1.815 do Código Civil.
Um fato interessante é que, caso o herdeiro seja excluído da herança por sentença declaratória de indignidade, se houver filhos, estes últimos receberão o seu quinhão, uma vez que a pena não pode ultrapassar a pessoa que cometeu o crime.
Porém, a regra acima não se aplica –isto é, caso o herdeiro excluído possua filhos, estes últimos herdarão por direito próprio ou pelo direito de representação– na hipótese de haver herdeiro testamentário ou legatário, ou seja, os descendentes do herdeiro testamentário ou legatário nada vão herdar.
Pergunta: Se o ofendido perdoar expressamente, por meio de testamento ou instrumento público, aquele que incorreu em ato que determine a sua exclusão, este retornará à qualidade de herdeiro?
A resposta é SIM! Porém, desde que faça esta reabilitação em testamento ou em outro ato autêntico, nos termos do art. 1.818, do Código Civil.
E a outra hipótese é a DESERDAÇÃO.
Rezam os arts. 1.961, 1.962 e 1.963 do Código Civil que:
Art. 1.961. Os herdeiros necessários podem ser privados de sua legítima, ou deserdados, em todos os casos em que podem ser excluídos da sucessão.
Art. 1.962. Além das causas mencionadas no art. 1.814, autorizam a deserdação dos descendentes por seus ascendentes:
I – ofensa física;
II – injúria grave;
III – relações ilícitas com a madrasta ou com o padrasto;
IV – desamparo do ascendente em alienação mental ou grave enfermidade.
Art. 1.963. Além das causas enumeradas no art. 1.814, autorizam a deserdação dos ascendentes pelos descendentes:
I – ofensa física;
II – injúria grave;
III – relações ilícitas com a mulher ou companheira do filho ou a do neto, ou com o marido ou companheiro da filha ou o da neta;
IV – desamparo do filho ou neto com deficiência mental ou grave enfermidade.
É um ato jurídico privativo do autor da herança que, por manifestação de última vontade realizada por via testamentária, exclui determinado herdeiro necessário privando-o de sua legítima.
Com isso, o testador ao inserir a cláusula deserdatória deve mencionar expressamente a causa da deserdação, isto é, devendo o comportamento da pessoa se enquadrar nas hipóteses acima, nos termos do art. 1.964 do Código Civil.
E se não mencionar a causa e a indicação específico do instituto, ou fizer menção de hipótese diversa, ainda será válida a cláusula deserdatória?
A resposta é NÃO! Considerando a formalidade legal, não o fazendo, esta disposição testamentária será nula, nos termos do inciso VII, do art. 166 do Código Civil.
Portanto, essa cláusula deserdatória mencionada e descrita especificadamente deve preexistir quando da realização do testamento, jamais podendo ser futuras e incertas.
E como é feito isso, somente a cláusula deserdatória no testamento já é suficiente para privar o herdeiro?
Não!! A situação narrada na cláusula deserdatória deverá ser provada por meio de ação declaratória de deserdação no prazo máximo de quatro anos a contar da conclusão da ação de registro do testamento, pela inteligência do art. 1.965, do Código Civil.
Havendo a confirmação da deserdação por meio de sentença, se o desardado tiver herdeiros, estes vão adquirir a respectiva herança em seu lugar. Inexistindo herdeiros do deserdado, será acrescida aos demais herdeiros de idêntico grau ao seu (no exemplo, aos irmãos do deserdado). Se for único herdeiro e não tiver descendentes, seguirá a ordem de vocação hereditária.
Observação: a deserdação somente alcança os herdeiros necessários, e não os testamentários.
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